In the late 1980s the Journal of the American Institute for Conservation published an article about the contents of historical furniture finishes. It identified five main components of various historical finishes – tree resins, insect resins, oils, gums and waxes. Tree resins, such as from pine trees, are often used to make varnish. Insect resins, such as that from the lac beetle, are used to make shellac. Boiled linseed oil and oil from the tung tree are common oil finishes. Gum is another product from trees and is used as a binder. Waxes are primarily beeswax and the much harder carnuba wax.
But somehow, in the commercialization of the American viewpoint of furniture finishing and care and maintenance, the only part of this menagerie of finishes that seems to have been retained is the “oil” part – and not as a finish component but as a maintenance vehicle. Virtually every modern commercially advertised household furniture care product proudly touts among its contents such ingredients as “lemon oil” or more recently “orange oil.” While lemon oil and orange oil do in fact exist, what, if anything, do they have to do with the maintenance of furniture finishes? What about other kinds of oil?
Furniture care for most of us involves the cleaning and polishing, in some way or another, of the applied surface on the wood of the furniture. Very few of us deal with raw wood products. Most modern finishes, and by this I mean since the mid-18th century, are some sort of barrier coat applied over the wood to protect it from moisture and abrasion and secondarily to enhance the beauty of the wood. In more recent times, since the middle of the 19th century, virtually all finishes are shellac, varnish, lacquer, urethane or a chemical variant thereof such as “poly” urethane, conversion varnish or catalyzed lacquer. These finishes range from moderately water resistant (shellac) to virtually indestructible (water borne polyurethane). Their job is to keep things OUT of the wood, not to allow them to penetrate. Think of modern furniture finishes as you would think about the finish on your car. It does a great job of keeping water from bare metal and how do you maintain it? If the car is lucky it gets washed regularly. If it is pampered it even gets waxed occasionally. But does it ever get oiled?
The processing of citrus peels, usually by low heat rendering, does in fact yield a concentrate of lemon or orange “oil” that has a low pH. This acidic property makes the resulting oil a useful degreaser and cleaner. It is especially effective in heavy-duty hand cleaners where it will help dissolve grease, grime and even paint residue while giving off a pleasant, nonpetroleum aroma. It is also found in commercial cleaning products. But what does that have to do with furniture other than perhaps as a surface cleaner?
The “mystique,” or more correctly the misinformation, about citrus oil, has translated into a major advertising opportunity and exposes the marketers’ lack of knowledge about furniture finishes. Or at the very least their presumption that you know even less than they do. One famous lemon oil product, which also contains carnuba wax, says in its ad that it “… treats the wood and enriches the beauty of the grain.” How can it “treat” the wood if it never touches the wood through the finish? The same manufacturer has a “cabinet and panel treatment” which it claims has “… higher absorption by the wood resulting in higher preservation.” Yet there is nothing in the product that will penetrate the modern lacquer, shellac or urethane finish found on most cabinetwork. So how can it lead to “higher absorption by the wood” if it never reaches the wood?
Another heavily advertised product that contains beeswax and lemon oil in a mineral oil base claims that it is a “true wood feeder.” During application it is claimed that the product feeds the wood while replacing lost natural moisture. I just checked on a couple of my old pieces and, just as I thought, the wood in them appears to have been dead for quite some time and does not require feeding. As to replacing the lost natural moisture, that is called curing and is a great help in stabilizing the wood.
But commercial preparations are not the only products to live by fable alone. There is a plethora of home recipes and concoctions, based on Grandma’s old country experience, that are even worse than the commercial soups. That great disseminator of information, the Internet, is awash in well-intentioned but uniformed or misinformed furniture experts who offer their experience in furniture care. One online “traditional” recipe for furniture polish calls for one-fourth cup of linseed or vegetable oil and a few drops of vinegar. Another prefers the opposite, one-fourth cup of vinegar and a few drops of oil, saying the vinegar pulls the dirt out of the wood while the oil lubricates the wood so that it doesn’t dry out. Why not just use mayonnaise? Or peanut butter? In warm weather all of them will get rancid and they all have about the same relevance to a lacquer or shellac finish.
The problem with oil, any kind of oil applied to a finished surface, is what happens next. There are basically two kinds of oil: drying and nondrying. The nondrying is the least harmful initially since it doesn’t undergo a chemical reaction. The most common non-drying oils are lemon oil, orange oil and mineral oil. These oils have a very slow evaporation rate and remain on the surface in a microscopically thin semi-liquid state for days, even weeks after application. As a result they produce a surface that smears easily and also accumulates every particle of dust, pollen and pollution that passes its way. The build up eventually must be removed.
Drying oils such as tung oil or linseed oil are especially harmful since they actually undergo a chemical change as they dry and attempt to bond chemically with the surface. As they become hard through oxidation they become difficult to remove and over time the accumulation of layers of dried oil forms a shell over the old finish, eventually turning dark obscuring the original surface.
So how did the fascination with oil as a furniture care product gain such traction? We seem to have some romantic notion about old-time finishers applying coat after coat of oil, rubbing it into the wood to produce that 200-year-old look. Some oil was used as a finish when no other finish was available, but it was seldom the finish of choice in most cases. As for the 200-year-old-look – that comes in about 200 years of wear and care. But the overriding cause of the rise in the use of oil in furniture care is what was referred to in olden times as “sloth.” Today we just call it “laziness.” It is much easier to just smear some oily cream on the furniture and wipe it off than it is to really take care of the surface.
Really taking care of the surface starts with cleaning with a safe cleaner such as mineral spirits, naphtha, a spirit based soap such as Vulpex or even a degreaser like orange oil. After cleaning the surface it should be waxed with a good paste wax like BriWax, Fiddes, Howard’s or any one of the multitude of smaller label specialty paste furniture waxes. It is a little more work but you only have to do it once a year or so. The rest of the time just dry dust, keep the pets of the furniture, reach a compromise with the kids and leave the oil in the lawnmower.
Send your comments, questions and pictures to Fred Taylor at P.O. Box 215, Crystal River, FL 34423 or e-mail them to me at info@furnituredetective.com.
Visit Fred’s Web site at www.furnituredetective.com. His book How To Be a Furniture Detective is now available for $18.95 plus $3 shipping. Send check or money order for $21.95 to Fred Taylor, P.O. Box 215, Crystal River, FL 34423.
Fred and Gail Taylor’s DVD, Identification of Older & Antique Furniture, ($17 + $3 S&H) and a bound compilation of the first 60 columns of “Common Sense Antiques by Fred Taylor,” ($25 + $3 S&H) is also available at the same address. For more information call (800) 387-6377, fax 352-563-2916, or e-mail info@furnituredetective.com. All items are also available directly from the Web site.
Send your comments, questions and pictures to Fred Taylor at P.O. Box 215, Crystal River, FL 34423 or ftaylor5@tampabay.rr.com. Visit his Web site at www.furnituredetective.com.
Fred Taylor is a freelance writer based in central Florida, who earned both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in finance from the University of Florida. While he is perhaps better known in his role as a nationally syndicated columnist on the subject of antique furniture, he is interested in almost all things related to Florida. He has covered many auctions both inside and outside the Sunshine State for leading antiques trade publications. Fred and his wife, Gail, love to travel Florida’s highways and byways on a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.
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