Latin America, Mexico, Mixtec culture, Post-Conquest period, ca. 15th to 16th century CE. A collection of 5 brass bells cast via the lost wax method into fantastical heads that represent may represent monkeys or human skulls – the indentations to the sides and other known examples suggest there were once protruding ears. The openwork eyes, flared nostrils, and bared teeth are ghoulish- an integral ring attached to the chin holds a dangling sphere. Bells were such as these were likely used as offerings or worn on the human body as jewelry or attached to clothing – the jangling sound of bells was part of the rituals carried out to honor the gods. Coyolxauhqui, Huitzilopochtli, and Tlaloc were deities specifically associated with bells and venerated in various parts of Mesoamerica. Size: 2.25" L x 0.6" W (5.7 cm x 1.5 cm)

The Mixtec artisans were masters of metallurgy, surpassing other Mesoamerican cultures in craftsmanship. Metallurgy was introduced into the region around 900 CE. Mesoamericans used metals for ornamentation, though their tools and weaponry remained Neolithic. Many experts agree that Mixtec metal wares set the standard for Mesoamerican cultures. The brass content of these particular bells indicates these were cast post- Spanish conquest.

Provenance: private Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA collection; ex-private Arkansas, USA collection, via descent in 2021; ex-private Florida estate, USA, acquired from the 1960s to 1970s

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#176451

Missing ears and indentations to heads and hairline perforations. Clapper balls are absent and these do not make sound. Heavy green patina throughout as shown.