Relief with a male figure holding a hare or rabbit. Rome, 1st-2nd century AD.
Marble.
Provenance: private collection, Kenneth Worcester Dow, St Augustine, Florida (USA), acquired in the 1940s.
Conservation: good condition, no restorations.
Measurements: 54 cm. high.
Fragment of relief with a male representation, of great artistic quality. A naked ephebe holds a hare in his right hand. The influence of Hellenistic art is notable in this relief, in the harmonious canons of the young man and in the naturalistic fold of the cloth. In mosaics and reliefs from the Imperial period it was common to depict hare hunting, either with hares or, at a later date, with the game in hand. In either case, the aim was to highlight everyday activities and, at the same time, to allude to the abundance provided by nature.
The Romans brought two important innovations to the world of sculpture: portraiture and historical relief, neither of which existed in the Greek world. However, they followed Greek models for much of their sculptural production, a basis which in Rome was combined with the Etruscan tradition. After the first contacts with Classical Greece through the Magna Graecia colonies, the Romans conquered Syracuse in 212 BC, a rich and important Greek colony in Sicily, which was adorned with a large number of Hellenistic works. The city was sacked and its artistic treasures taken to Rome, where the new style of these works soon replaced the Etruscan-Roman tradition that had prevailed until then. Shortly afterwards, in 133 BC, the Empire inherited the kingdom of Pergamon, where there was an original and thriving school of Hellenistic sculpture. The huge Pergamon Altar, the "Gallus committing suicide" or the dramatic group "Laocoön and his sons" were three of the key creations of this Hellenistic school. On the other hand, after Greece was conquered in 146 BC, most Greek artists settled in Rome, and many of them devoted themselves to making copies of Greek sculptures, which were very fashionable at the time in the capital of the Empire. Thus, numerous copies of Praxiteles, Lysippus and classical works of the 5th century BC were produced, giving rise to the Neo-Attic school of Rome, the first neoclassical movement in the history of art. However, between the end of the 2nd century BC and the beginning of the 1st century BC there was a change in this purist Greek trend, which culminated in the creation of a national school of sculpture in Rome, which produced works such as the Altar of Aenobarbus, which introduced a typically Roman narrative concept that became a chronicle of everyday life and, at the same time, of the success of its political model. This school would be the forerunner of the great imperial art of Augustus, under whose rule Rome became the most influential city in the Empire and also the new centre of Hellenistic culture, as Pergamon and Alexandria had been before it, attracting a large number of Greek artists and craftsmen. In the Augustan era Rome contributed to the continuity and renewal of a tradition which had already enjoyed centuries of prestige and which had dictated the character of all art in the area. In this new phase, Greek aesthetics and technique were applied to the themes of this new Rome. After the idealisation of the Augustan period, the realism of the Flavian era and the subsequent Baroque style of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, Roman sculpture, marked by the presence of Christianity, tended to dehumanise, becoming more ideal and symbolic. The concern for realism was lost, and there was a tendency towards a schematisation that sought to capture the ideal, the soul or the divinity, rather than the human aspect of the figures. The carving, in keeping with this new aesthetic, acquired a great hardness, and the figures acquired a noble hieratism.